485 Júlia Gifra Durall United Nations peacekeeping operations under Chapter VII: Exception or widespread practice ? mandate. Secondly, in almost all of them support operations from other agencies has been fundamental. Finally, because these mandates target the protection of very concrete goals and terms of reference. Moreover, the fact that all the operations fall under Chapter VII does not mean that the use of force is authorized. One has to differentiate those operations that are not covered by any direct mandate from those that are expressly authorized: in other words, the Security Council’s rulings on given situations under Chapter VII, and the rationale for the deployment of UN peacekeeping operations in this chapter do not imply the existence of any form of authorization for the adoption of the necessary measures, nor can they be interpreted as an implicit authorization. Therefore, those UN peacekeeping operations that have been directly and expressly granted authorization by the Security Council should be identified as distinct from those that have not received any mandate but clearly belong under Chapter VII of the Charter, in view of the fact that the prevailing situation has been qualified as a threat to peace. 2.1.1 Authorization for the use of force Of the 22 UN peacekeeping operations under the auspices of Chapter VII, 13 have –or have had- express authorization to adopt the measures required to fulfill their man-date; including the necessary humanitarian measures. Of the others, nine do not have any express authorization, but they do however have the support of either a regional body or of a coalition of states authorized to use force. Of the 13 operations that have been given explicit authorization, there are two that stand out: MUNUSCO in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and MINUSMA in Mali. So, for example, by adopting resolution 2100 (2013), of 25 April 2013, the Council authorized an operation in Mali, (under Chapter VII) with a wide-reaching mandate for the re-establishment of order and security for the protection of civilians. In so doing, it “17. Authorizes MINUSMA to use all necessary means, within the limits of its capacities and areas of deployment, to carry out its mandate as set out in paragraphs 16 (a) (i) and (ii), 16 (c) (i) and (iii), 16 (e), 16 (f ) and 16 (g) and requests MINUSMA’s civilian and military components to coordinate their work with the aim of supporting the tasks outlined in paragraph 16 above; “18. Authorizes French troops, within the limits of their capacities and areas of deployment, to use all necessary means, from the commencement of the activities of MINUSMA until the end of MINUSMA’s mandate as authorized in this resolution, to intervene in support of elements of MINUSMA when under imminent and serious threat upon request of the Secretary-General, further requests France to report to the Council on the implementation of this mandate in Mali and to coordinate
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