595 Ricard Zapata-Barrero The external dimension of migration policy in the Mediterranean region: premises for normative debate freedom, security and justice within the Union.23 1.2 Two approaches to externalisation What the very recent literature on this subject suggests is that there are, at least, two main approaches to externalisation that orient arguments for normative debate. The original one can be labelled as a “remote control approach”, where the basic objective is to have internal effects in receiving countries in terms of security.24 The rationale behind this is that potential migrants wishing to enter Europe can be “controlled” before they reach the destination country. Another premise of “remote control” is based on the supposition that it is much more difficult to expel unwanted migrants once they have arrived in European territory because of legal and human protections.25 This is a security-based philosophy and reactive approach and reflects what could be called a “policy as restriction”, in the sense that it establishes policy with the aim of restraining the movement of people. The second approach is development-based and proactive in character. Its basic orientation is not to restrain the movement of people, but to construct an alternative through political innovation. Its rationale is that we must seek to influence, while also reducing, the push factors motivating people to leave their home countries. This approach is far more centred on the causes than on the effects of migrants’ exit-option. It has a preventive dimension and can be labelled, in contrast to “remote control”, as the “root cause approach”.26 Schematically, both approaches can be presented as follows: Table I Two approaches to the externalisation of migration policy Remote control approach Root cause approach Security-based Development-based Reactive (control of flows) Proactive (preventive) Policy as restriction Policy as innovation 23 In a document about the priorities and objectives for external relations in the field of justice and home affairs, the President’s Office clarified that the main aim of the external dimension was the creation of a common area of Freedom, Security and Justice within the EU. Council of the European Union “European Union priorities and policy objectives for external relations in the field of justice and home affairs”, Doc.7653/00 6, June 2000 24 “Remote control” was initially conceptualised by ZOLBERG, Aristide, op cit., 2003. 25 Also see GUIRAUDON, Virginie, “Before the EU Borders: Remote Control of the ‘Huddled Masses’”, in: K. Groenendijk, E. Guild and P. Minderhoud (eds.) In search of Europe’s Borders, Brussels, Migration Policy Group, 2003. 26 An initial formulation of these two approaches can be found in C. Boswell (2003). The basic difference is that a distinction is drawn between the externalisation and prevention approaches, and externalisation is identified with the remote control approach. However, we have placed the two ap-proaches (the remote control and root cause approaches) in the externalisation category.
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