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600 Revista del Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos Núm. 2 / 2013 include joint border patrols37 or police control networks, such as the Spanish SIVE and the European FRONTEX.38 1.3.3 Policies Finally, there are also a set of policies related to the management of migratory flows, such as visa, return and repatriation policies. While each policy covers a different aspect and has its own specific legal interpretation, they all produce the same result: the obligation of the migrant to abandon his plan to emigrate and return to his point of origin. We will now take a closer look at the general definitions of each policy action. Return is the case when persons seeking to enter Spain, who do not meet all the requirements or have not completed the required formalities, are intercepted at the border, denied entry and “(forced to) return to their country of origin.” The “return” therefore does not refer to illegal entry attempts, but to entry authorisation denials. The administrative act by which a foreigner who attempted to enter Spain illegally is returned to his country of origin is known as repatriation. Finally, extradition is the process whereby a person who has been accused or convicted of an offense under the law of one state is arrested in another and returned to stand trial or to serve a sentence that has already been imposed. While international cooperation in criminal matters is strong, there is still the rule that a state is only obliged to extradite a foreign criminal if it has an international treaty with the state requesting extradition. In the absence of an extradition treaty, the requested state is empowered to extradite the criminal, but is not obliged to do so. 2. THE DEBATE: EXTERNALISATION AND THE MAIN CRITICISMS In this section, we will present the main threads of a debate on externalisation that has only just begun. It is particularly interesting to consider the reasons given to justify this shift in policy direction. At this point, we can say that externalisation came about in response to the shortcomings of traditional migration management policies (section 2.1.). After looking at this, we will move on to the arguments put forward by those who criticise this policy shift because it takes a Eurocentric and securitisation approach (section 2.2.). And, finally, we will examine the factors that underlie externalisation and affect the development of the new policy shift (section 2.3.). 37  LAVENEX, Sandra, op cit, 2006, p. 334. 329-350. 38  DEBENEDETTI, Sara, op cit, 2009.


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