604 Revista del Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos Núm. 2 / 2013 aspects such as the promotion of legal migration and humanitarian concerns like immigrants who require international protection. Furthermore, the Eurocentric approach overlooks the needs of the countries of origin, which already suffer inequalities and lack of infrastructure. Advocating a more proactive approach in the area of migration, Sterkx asserts that externalisation has focused exclusively on the export of migration control instead of focusing on the root causes of migration. A quote by a Commission official in an article by Sterkx published in 2004 is quite explicit: “(...) There is no progress at EU level and Member States do not want to progress on migration policy. They just shift responsibility to lots of countries. The main building block is lack of will to progress at the internal level, and because of that they shift to other countries. Third countries have to do the job we are not able to do (...)”. Joint border control operations have been quite successful in reducing the number of illegal immigrants (the “unwanted immigrants” category). However, ever more restrictive migration policies in Europe have merely resulted in immigrants seeking out alternative and often more dangerous routes for entering Europe. Rodier54 argues that, instead of resolving the issue of unwanted migration, stricter controls at the EU’s external borders have merely resulted in the movement of the borders and conflict with migrants into neighbouring countries. This is a problem because people in need of international protection are at risk of being deprived of this right. C. Lindström55 specifically criticises the fact that the greater attention afforded to migration control is jeopardising application of the right of non-refoulement of migrants at risk, which is what is happening with asylum seekers who are sometimes returned to their countries guridad al desarrollo regional”, in Y. Courbage, T. Yousef, G. Martine, P. Fargues et al. Población y desarrollo en el mediterráneo. Transiciones demográficas y desigualdades socioeconómi-cas, Barcelona, Icària/ IEmed, 2009, pp. 367-384, LAVENEX, Sandra, op cit, 2006, pp. 329-350. RODIER, Claire “Analysis of the external dimension of the EU’s asylum and immigration policies - summary and recommendations for the European Parliament” The European Parliament, Policy Department, 2006, DEBENEDETTI, Sara, op cit, 2009, RIJPMA, Jorrit, and CREMONA, Marise, op cit, 2007, WOLFF, Sarah, “Border Management in the Mediterranean: Internal, External and Ethical Challenges” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 21 no. 2, 2008, pp. 253-271, DOVER, Robert, “Towards a Common EU Immigration Policy: a Securitization Too Far.” European Integration, vol. 30, no. 1, 2008, pp. 113-130, KRUSE, Imke The EU’s Policy on Readmission of Illegal Migrants. Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Germany, 2002, Available at: http://socs-ci2. ucsd.edu/~aronatas/scrretreat/Kruse.Imke.pdfhttp://socsci2.ucsd.edu/~aronatas/scrretreat/Kruse. Imke.pdf, MARTÍN y PÉREZ DE NANCLARES, José (coord.) La dimensión exterior del Espacio de Libertad, Seguridad y Justicia en la Unión Europea: en busca de una acción de la Unión Europea eficaz, coherente y coordinada, Madrid: Iustel, 2012. 54 RODIER, Clair, op cit., 2006 55 LINDSTRÖM, Channe, op cit., 2005, 587-605.
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