Traducción realizada por el Gabinete de Traductores e Intérpretes del EME y registrada con el núm. 16-0812. LES OPÉRATIONS EXTÉRIEURES ET LEUR INFLUENCE SUR L’ARMÉE DE TERRE............................... La participation des forces armées espagnoles en opérations extérieures a eu, au cours de ces deux dernières décennies, une influence considérable sur les différents domaines de l’Appui à la préparation dans l’armée de Terre. Leurs effets ont influencé toutes ses fonctions ainsi que la manière d’exercer le leadership et la motivation de tous ses membres. De ce fait, les OPEX ont permis de déterminer la validité de la doctrine actuellement en vigueur et d’effectuer les modifications nécessaires pour l’adapter aux exigences des forces terrestres. Elles ont entraîné une évolution de l’organisation des unités, une modernisation des armes et des équipements, de même que le perfectionnement de l’entraînement et la capacité opérationnelle. Elles ont également remonté le moral et ont constitué un motif de satisfaction pour le personnel militaire. Enfin, elles ont eu une incidence sur l’évolution du 144 REVISTA EJÉRCITO • N. 910 ENERO/FEBRERO • 2017 parcours professionnel et ont impliqué une modification du style de commandement. LE COMMANDEMENT GÉNÉRAL À CEUTA...................... Dans ce numéro, la revue armée de Terre présente un document sur le Commandement général à Ceuta. Ceuta est une ville fortement liée à son Armée, ce qui lui confère un caractère militaire très marqué. C’est également un lieu où la guerre n’a pas manqué au rendez-vous et où se sont écrites certaines des pages les plus mémorables et héroïques de notre histoire militaire. En outre de l’histoire commune de près de 500 ans, depuis son incorporation à la Couronne espagnole, ce document nous raconte des anecdotes et nous renseigne sur des faits, certains méconnus de la plupart des espagnols, qui font partie du patrimoine culturel de cette belle ville espagnole du nord de l’Afrique. OVERSEAS OPERATIONS THEIR INFLUENCE IN THE ARMY.................................... The participation of the Spanish Armed Forces in overseas operations during the last two decades has exerted a significant influence in the different fields of Support to Preparation of the Army. Their effects have been felt in all its functions as well as in the way the leadership is exercised and in its members’ motivation. Such effects have allowed to establish the validity of the doctrine currently in force and carry out the necessary changes to adapt it to the requirements of land forces; have led to the evolution of the organizational patterns of units, the modernization of their armament and equipment and the general improvement of training and operability; have meant a morale booster and a cause for satisfaction among the military as they have had a positive impact in the development of their professional careers and have brought about changes to leadership style. CEUTA GENERAL COMMAND......................................... This month’s issue of the Ejército magazine features a document dealing with the Ceuta General Command. Ceuta is a city who keeps close ties with the Army, which is the reason why it has such a marked military character. It is also a place where war has not been absent, and some of the most memorable and heroic pages of our military history were written there. Along with the well-known some 500 years of history passed since it was incorporated to the Spanish Crown, there are some anecdotes and data which are unknown for most of the Spanish people and are a part of the cultural heritage of this beautiful Spanish city on the north of Africa. Ceuta’s geographical location, right on the Straits of Gibraltar, makes it also a neuralgic center where many factors, identified as possible major risks and threats to the 2013 Security Spanish Strategy, are converging. All of the above-mentioned along with the description of the missions and activities carried out by the military units under the Ceuta General Command- some of which have been stationed in the city for a very long time-, are an integral part of a city that could not be fully comprehended without knowing its history and that of its military units. THE WARRIOR’S CONSCIENCE....................................... The serviceman, besides abiding by the rule of law, must have an adequate moral training in order to cope successfully with the ethical dilemmas he may encounter when participating in armed conflicts. The moralist philosophers use the double-effect doctrine to explain our capability to accept the fact that there may be innocent victims as a result of military operations. However, if we analyzed such doctrine in deep, we would realize that what it really formulates is a distinction between intentional and incidental victims. Accepting it without a thorough debate, would mean to admit that nobody can be held liable for the predictable, although not voluntary, consequences of his acts. Tolerating the death of civilians in the course of war actions is admissible only under two basic principles. One of them is the prohibition of unjustified damages, and the other is proportionality, that is, the balance between the degree of allowed damage and the importance of the objective. POLYVALENCE AND TRANSFORMATION........................ Throughout history, all armies have undergone a lot of doctrinal, organizational and technological transformations known as “revolutions in military issues”. After confronting an external threat, they tried and resolve their own weaknesses to achieve hegemony in the battlefields. The last transformation within the Army has replaced the former specialization of brigades with a polyvalent organization, a concept which is not a novel one. This article analyzes the impact of polyvalence in the transformations that the art of warfare has undergone from the ancient Egypt up to the current day, focusing on the formations employed by the most brilliant strategists, like the Roman legions, the Spanish Tercios , the Napoleonic corps or the Panzer divisions. SUMMARY SOMMAIRE
EJERCITO DE TIERRA ESPAÑOL 910
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