592 Revista del Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos Núm. 2 / 2013 for instance through regional protection and transit processing centres. e) Action targeting “root causes” and attempts to link migration and development. The term “externalisation” has an economic origin. It involves “the transfer of a business function to an external entity, requiring a degree of coordination and trust between the outsourcer and this external entity”8. Taking into account the international dimension of the migration phenomenon, this cooperation seeks to engage countries of origin and transit in the control of migration flows. At its core is the notion of “remote control”, which involves shifting the locus of control further afield from the common territory.9 The more traditional type of instrument are visa policies.10 A second is the mobilisation of third countries in the control of migration flows to Europe.11 This practice implies at least two main premises: a) Shifting migrants at the border through state agents (visas), private actors (carrier sanctions), third states (cordon sanitaire in East and South of Europe). b) Extra-territoriality: processing demands in relation to the management of migration flows outside the EU. What this also means is that migration is being integrated as a major stake in international negotiations and expresses, directly or indirectly, the co-responsibility of a common interest: to control people’s movements. Following this line of thought, some authors are beginning to talk of externalisation policy as a new mode of governance.12 Drawing on M.E. Smith’s13 distinction between four types of boundaries – geopolitical, institutional/legal, transactional and cultural – external governance can be said to occur when the institutional/legal boundary is moved out beyond the circle of Member States. Thus, the crucial criterion is the extension of the legal boundary of 8 RIJPMA, Jorrit and CREMONA, Marise “The Extra-Territorialisation of EU Migration Policies and the Rule of Law” EUI Working Papers. LAW. European University Institute, 2007. 9 ZOLBERG, Aristide, “The Archaeology of ‘Remote Control’”, in A. Fahrmeir, O. Faron, and P. Weil (eds.) Migration Control in the North Atlantic World: The Evolution of State Practices in Europe and the United States from the French Revolution to the Inter-War Period, New York, Berghan Books, 2003. 10 See, among others, TRAUNER, Florian, and KRUSE, Imke,EC Visa facilitation and Readmission Agreements: Implementing a New EU Security Approach in the Neighbourhood. CEPS Working Document No. 290, 2008. SÁNCHEZ-MONTIJANO, Elena, VAQUER i FANÉS, Jordi y VIILUP, Elina (eds.) La política de visados para el siglo XXI: más allá de la cola del visado, Barcelona: Cidob editorial, 2012. 11 LAVENEX, Sandra, op cit, 2006, p. 334. 12 See, for example, LAVENEX, Sandra, op cit, 2006, pp. 329-350. 13 SMITH, Michael “The European Union and a Changing Europe: Establishing the Boundaries of Order”, Journal of Common Market Studies 34, 1996, pp. 13-18.
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