596 Revista del Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos Núm. 2 / 2013 In empirical terms, one could say that the “remote control approach” defines the domestic and/or EU migration control tools traditionally applied to engage sending and transit countries, such as combating illegal entry, migrant smuggling and trafficking. In contrast, the “root cause approach” relates more directly to innovative tools, developing preventive mechanisms that address the causes of migration.27 This approach is highlighted in several EU institutional documents, but is often still seen as wishful thinking. In 1992, the Council of the European Union adopted a specific Declaration on the principles governing the external aspects of migration policy in which it recognised: “(...) the importance of analysing the causes of immigration pressure, and analysing ways of removing the causes of migratory movements”.28 For this purpose, it laid out the various elements of root cause approaches, and these can be regarded as the dimensions defining the development-based philosophy: • Conflict prevention, preservation of peace, full respect for human rights and the rule of law; • Protection of refugees and displaced people by the region of origin should be the rule, except in cases of “particular need”; • Support for economic and trade liberalisation; • Provision of development aid; • Fight against illegal immigration; • Finalisation of readmission agreements; • Cooperation in situations of mass influx. Apart from the multilateral framework of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP), external governance takes place at the bilateral level through association agreements. The Agreement concluded between Tunisia and Morocco includes identical provisions on migration policy, which is given first priority in the list of co-operation issues in the social field (Chapter III, Article 71). In Article 71, the contracting parties agree to carry out projects and programmes aimed at: “(a) reducing migratory pressure, in particular by improving living conditions, creating jobs and developing training in areas from which emigrants come”; and “(b) resettling those repatriated because of their illegal status under the legislation of the state in 27 PAPADOPOULOS, Apostolos, “Editorial: Migration and Human Security in the Balkans”, Migration Letters, vol. 4, no. 2, 2007, pp. 95-100. 28 EUROPEAN COUNCIL “Declaration on principles of governing external aspects of migration policy”, Annex 5 of Conclusions of the Presidency of the European Council meeting in Edinburgh, 11-12 Bull EC 12-1992, December 2002.
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