608 Revista del Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos Núm. 2 / 2013 Rijpma and Cremona77 focus on the fundamental value of the rule of law that the EU aims to promote and protect, arguing that it poses a challenge to the externalisation of its migration policy. From the perspective of the law, the difficulty of cooperating with third countries in matters relating to migration is a lack of common standards and guarantees between the parties. Now that we have identified the main criticisms of the overly solipsist approach of the EU, let us take a look at the factors which, according to the current debate, underlie externalisation and assess how these affect its development. 2.3 The factors underlying and affecting the development of externalisation We have identified at least three of the factors underlying policy externalisation, and affecting the development of this new shift in policy. Firstly, there are the geopolitical factors; secondly, the Schengen context and enlargement of the EU and, thirdly, there is the domestic arena, which includes the development of migration control, an increase in extreme right-wing parties and other constraints that policymakers are facing in the field of migration. 2.3.1 Development-based geopolitical factors In the Euro-Mediterranean space there exist diverse typologies of factors affecting an impact on a renewed development of the externalisation of migratory policies. Firstly, for those countries on the northern shore of the Mediterranean, the demographic and economic projections in relation to the southern Mediterranean countries seem to suggest the non-sustainability of a policy of development assistance aimed at maintaining the labour force of these countries “in situ”. This is especially the case when these northern Mediterranean countries will continue to need constant flows of labour,78 making the expansion of migratory management a necessity. Thus, the growth of the Euro-Mediterranean migratory system down towards the south, increasingly involving sub-Saharan African countries, is forcing the abandonment of the narrow approach focused solely on migration control. In order to conceive a successful, flexible model, it is essential to alternatively envisage a policy that further considers the dynamics of the labour markets, as well as a positive relation between migration and development. This perspective elucidates the results of the first Euro-Mediterranean Ministerial Conference on Migration, held in November 2007, which established the fundamental principle of recognition of the economic and social benefits that regular migration 77 RIJPMA, Jorrit, and CREMONA, Marise, op cit, 2007. 78 COLLYER, Michael, “The Development Impact of Temporary International Labour Migration on Southern Mediterranean Sending Countries: Contrasting Examples of Morocco and Egypt”, Sussex Centre for Migration Research, Working Paper, 2004.
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