610 Revista del Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos Núm. 2 / 2013 pushing forward the development dossier and engaging African countries in foreign policy strategies related to migration.83 In their turn, there is a growing need for agreement between the southern Mediterranean countries as regards the regulation of migratory flows. This need emerges particularly from the increase of irregular flows, by sea, land or air. These new migratory dynamics force transit countries (and in some cases, also of destination, such as Morocco) to adapt their role and redraw their agenda of priorities when dealing with the external dimension of migration. Nevertheless, there are other factors that explain the externalisation of migratory policies. In the European Union, migration has become part of foreign policy. This process began with the Tampere programme, which put forward a space of freedom, security and justice, reflecting a new comprehensive approach that also envisaged exploring the links between migration, trade and political cooperation as tools to reduce the “push factors” characterising countries of origin.84 Tampere also introduced an approach whereby third countries were involved in the management of migration, with source countries undertaking border control and the re-admission of returned emigrants.85 Later, the Commission enhanced this external dimension and broadened the fields of action to address the root causes of migration.86 In 2005, the Global Approach to Migration87 strengthened the need for a comprehensive and coherent strategy, simultaneously encompassing the fight against irregular immigration and cooperation with third countries, putting special emphasis on countries of the neighbouring area (south and east of the EU). In general, the integration of migration into the EU’s foreign policy agendas reveals a constant attempt to balance cooperation with the agendas of security and development. 2.3.2 The Schengen context and enlargement of the EU: transfer of policy and conditionality 83 AUBARELL, Gemma, “Europe, the Mediterranean and Migrations: New Paradoxes”, Mediterranean Yearbook, Med.2007, Barcelona, IEMed.-CIDOB, 2008, Available at: http://www.ie-med. org/anuari/2007/aarticles/aAubarell.pdf 84 Tampere European Council 15/16 October 1999. Towards A Union of Freedom, Security and Justice. 85 The strategy of returns can be followed in COM (2002) 175 final. Green paper on a community return policy on illegal residents and Presidency Conclusions. Seville European Council, 21 and 22 June 2002. 86 COM (2002) 703 final. Communication on Integrating Migration in the European Union’s Relations with Third Countries. 87 28 Brussels European Council, 15/16 December 2005, Presidency Conclusions. Annex I: Global Approach to Migration: Priority Actions focusing on Africa and the Mediterranean.
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