475 José A Fernández Alfaro Successes and failures of the implementation of ... compute and use printed and written materials associated with varying contexts”, 35 which corresponds to Functional Literacy Level 3 as defined by UNESCO. This project has a budget of almost 200 million dollars. The results as of April 2014 were that 242,120 had achieved level 1 (first grade), 102,155 had basic literacy skills and 82,437 personnel had completed level 3.36 There is, however, a lot still to be done: if all recruits were to complete level 3, non-commissioned officers, officers and general officers would be able to follow further training courses. The ANA needs its personnel to be able to take part in advanced courses such as the staff school, intelligences courses, or material or personnel resources, similar to those in western countries. 6.3 Departures, an element of attrition We have already looked at the maximum troop volume in the ANSF. Each year in the ANA there is a large number of departures; at the same time, the recruitment system is very demanding, preventing new recruits from entering. In this way, the losses caused by departures lead to a high level of attrition in the ANA that is not made up for by recruitment due to the complex and demanding process. Departures arise mainly due to combat, expulsion or voluntary desertion of the army. • between February 2013 and February 2014, 43,887 Afghans were expelled, and • between March 2012 and February 2014, 2,166 military personnel were killed and 11,804 injured in combat.37 Desertion of the ANA is attributed to, among other reasons: low salaries, separation from family, pressure placed on the family by local militias, not accepting orders from other ethnic groups, rejection of the governmental structure, etc. While attrition due to reasons mentioned above is great, the demanding recruitment process also considerably affects the number of troops entering service of the ANSF, and thus the total volume of the forces. The recruitment process should continue to be demanding so as to avoid people being accepted who, due to their situation before entering the ANSF, could create 35 http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/operations-supporting-docs/ntm-a.page. 36 http://www.defense.gov/pubs/April_1230_Report_Final.pdf p.35. 37 www.sigar.mil/pdf/quaterlyreports/2014-04-30qr.pdf p.97.
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