445 Javier Pastor Sánchez Life Cycle Cost Estimation Procedure for a Weapon... Estimation techniques applicable to the stages of the life cycle of a system Depending on the type of programme, the purpose of the cost estimate, the time taken to conduct it and the information available, one technique may be more suitable than another for a certain stage of the programme.23 It is common to find not just one single method of estimation in each stage, but instead a combination of methods supplemented with expert opinion. It is possible that in preliminary or even advanced stages, it is not possible to use estimation techniques. In these cases, the following may be used to validate costs quantitatively: 1. Indexed prices. 2. Volume-cost-benefit analysis. 3. Statistical analysis. 4. Development and use of cost estimation ratios (parameters). 5. Regression analysis and moving averages. 6. Learning curves and task measurement. 7. NPV, net present value, for which a discounting technique is used. The US Army,24 NATO25 and NASA26 list the applications and techniques used to carry out estimations and the stage at which they are applied. 23 NATO, RTO. Code of Practice for Life Cycle Costing. RTO-SAS-069. Op. Cit. 2009. Pg. 2. 24 US. US Department of the Army. Cost Analysis Manual. 2002. Pp. 171,178. 25 NATO, RTO. All Methods and Models for Life Cycle Costing. RTO-SAS-054. RTO Publication. Neuilly-sur-Seine, (Paris). 2007. Pages 4-1 and 5-1. 26 NASA. NASA Cost Estimating Hand Book. CAD Publication. Washington, DC. 2015. Page 20- Appendices C,E & F. http://revista.ieee.es/index.php/ieee
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