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http://revista.ieee.es/index.php/ieee 286 Journal of the Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies Núm. 8 / 2016 For Pérez-Sales, P., Vázquez, C., and Arnoso, M., (2009) from the Spanish Associa-tion of Neuropsychiatry – Madrid90, in light of attacks of a specific nature, citizens do not change their idea regarding their vision of the world, beliefs, or trust in human beings, but they do so regarding personal security, the perception of risk, or political decisions. In situations of State terrorism, one can perceive changes regarding the vision of the world; there can also be situations of habit or anesthesia with regard to violence, mainly when it has a wide media outreach, and less impact on the daily lives of the people (for example, in the Basque Country one cannot perceive that terrorism is the main problem for the majority of the population). In the face of terrorist actions, specific behavior or emotional states may appear, as well as positive attitudes of a different sign, but that shows no evidence that there may be a «post-traumatic growth» in the long term, as Pérez-Sales and col. (2009)91 point out. Short-term effects may be differentiated, though, characterized by supportive and altruist behavior, of support to the victims or of participation in tributes or demons-trations in favor of them. These effects would be of a transitory nature (one or two months), and dependent of the context, mainly of the performance of the media in support of invitations, in the news regarding exemplary testimonials, or in the trans-mission of messages calling for mobilization, all of them under three principles: 1) that something must be done; 2) that it must be done urgently; and 3) that a change must be made, it is possible, and you are a part of it. There would also be medium-term effects, considered collective feeling of guilt in part of the group considered the aggressor and that, under specific circumstances, could lead to remedial attitudes. It would have to be weighed with the decrease of the capacity to forgive that may appear after committing a terrorist action, and that is inevitably linked to the perception of the damage caused, and to the possibility that a feeling of mutual trust may develop. Finally, the long-term effects could be mentioned, characterized by the selective forgetfulness of violence, its justification, and consequences of collective traumatic events by the society, minimized by the winners, which have fed the victimhood of the group, and minimized the damage done unto others92. Despite the existence of collective organizations for the resistance to violence, it is necessary to study the com- 90  PÉREZ-SALES, P., VÁZQUEZ, C., ARNOSO, M., «Individual and Collective Post-Traumatic Lear-ning in situations of terrorism and collective violence: Data for a debate», Conclusions. In MÁRKEZ, I., FERNANDEZ-LIRIA, A. and PÉREZ-SALES, P. (eds.), Violence and mental health, Spanish Association of Neuropsychiatry, Madrid, 2009, pgs.20-22, available at <http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/psisalud/carmelo/PUBLICACIONES_pdf/2009- Aprendizaje_Postraumatico_%20y_Terrorismo_%28AEN%29.pdf> last viewed: 9 February, 2016. 91  Ibidem, pg.20. 92  An example could be found in Basque terrorism. On 27 September, 2013, ETA issued a comuni-qué for the celebration of the Gudari Eguna («Day of the Warrior») in which it warned the abertzale left (nationalist patriotic left) party not to cross specific red lines: the delegitimization of ETA’s te-rrorist past. R. AIZPEOLEA, Luis, The intricacies of the end of ETA, Madrid, Catarata, 2013, pg.161.


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