249 Miguel A. Acosta Sánchez Regarding the scope of competence of peacekeeping... However, currently, the difference between observers and armed forces is complex. In fact, this separation made sense when it referred to the classic peacekeeping opera-tions of military nature or those of the first generation during the Cold War period. At the end of the latter, and the beginning of a new era in International Relations, crises of a much more heterogeneous nature emerged, which would require global and mul-tidimensional responses. These new operations, called second generation operations, entail an extension of functions and a greater complexity of structure, taking on a multifunctional dimension parallel with to the current multidimensional concept of Security. Due to this, its components are not only military, but also include civilians and police components under a joint command– all in order to achieve a comprehen-sive approach to international crises. P. Picone even speaks of third generation missions, which would be those in which the Security Council authorized one or more States to use armed force to carry out its functions in the face of attacks that have taken place – as in the case of Yugoslavia –. These are the so-called Peace-enforcement operations35. Within this multifunctional make-up, these operations may carry out tasks in the following areas: – Prevention of conflicts. This includes preventive displacement of forces, interposi-tion, rapid alert, and surveillance of the situation. – Guarantee and control of movements. This implies the creation of flight restriction areas, security areas, blockades, sanctions, and guaranteeing safe transit. – Protection and humanitarian aid. This aims particularly to ensure, militarily, the humanitarian labor carried out by International Organizations or NGOs. – Supervision of a situation of peace after the conflict. This task entails major parti-cipation on the part of the civilian component, including the police. It involves tasks of demobilization, disarmament, aid in the removal of mines, vigilance of electoral processes, and the restructuration of the security forces. These missions complete those carried out during the conflict stage, and they tend to ensure the stability needed to ensure that the State or region returnees to a stage of global peace. – Military aid to civilian structures. In order to help to bring about peace and create political trust. This multifunctional character of the operations was given expression, within the Uni-ted Nations, through the Report written by the then Secretary General Boutros Bourtros- Ghali in June 1992. In fact, this Report36, which was classified as a high-level non-official 35 PICONE, P., “Il peace-keeping nel mondo attuale: tra militarizzazione e amministrazione fiduciaria”, Rivista di Diritto Internazionale, 1996, vol. 79, n° 1, pp. 5-33, in pp. 16-31. 36 UN Doc. A/47/277-S/2411, Report of the Secretary General pursuant to the means to reinforce the capacity of the UN in Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peacekeeping, of 06.17.1992 (An Agenda for Peace), available at, http://www.un-documents.net/a47-277.htm; UN Doc. A/50/60-S/1995/1-3, Supplement to An Agenda for Peace. Document of the position of the Secretary General delivered on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the United Nations, of 01.03.1995, available at http://www. un.org/documents/ga/docs/50/plenary/a50-60.htm. See ACOSTA SÁNCHEZ, M.A., La Política Revista del Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos n.º 12 - Año: 2018 - Págs.: 239 a 272
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