250 Journal of the Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies Núm. 12 / 2018 document, and entitled “An Agenda for Peace”, manifested the different means that exist to reinforce the capacity of the United Nations regarding preventive diplomacy, peacema-king and peacekeeping37. The Report cited the following actions for peacekeeping: a) Preventive Diplomacy, which consists of avoiding the emergence of differences among the parties, preventing existing differences from turning into an open conflict, and should conflict break out, avoid its spread as much as possible. It may involve measures of trust in the area of disarmament or in that of weapons control, or the establishment of demilitarized areas. b) Peace-keeping. These actions coincide with the classic second-generation opera-tions. Cooperation is sought with the agreements and regional organizations of Chapter VIII of the Charter, including NATO38. c) Peace-making. This involves reuniting all parties in conflict, mainly through pa-cific means such as those mentioned in Article 33.1 of the Charter: negotiation, investigation, mediation, arbitration, legal settlement, recourse to organizations or regional agreements, or other pacific means to be chosen by the parties in-volved. d) Post-conflict Peace-building, which is usually undertaken by missions of obser-vers, and is carried out after a conflict in order to define and undergird the structures pertinent to the reassertion of peace. There is a wide range of tasks to be undertaken, such as disarmament, reestablishment of public order (carried out by police contingents), repatriation of refugees, advisory support and trai-ning of security personnel, vigilance of election processes, and assistance in the protection of human rights. Europea de Seguridad y Defensa y la Gestión de Crisis Internacionales – Las operaciones Petersberg, Ed. Dykinson, Madrid, 2008, pp. 114-120. 37 A comment in, GARGIULO, P., “Le Nazione Unite di fronte alle sfide del duemila: l´Agenda per la pace”, La Comunità Internazionale, 1993, vol. XLVIII, pp. 571-586; GIOIA, A., “The United Nations and Regional Organizations in the Maintenance of Peace and Security”, in, BOTHE, M., RONZITTI, N., ROSAS, A., The OSCE in the Maintenance of Peace and Security, Ed. Kluwer, The Hague/ London/Boston, 1997, pp. 191-236, in, 222-225; SCHRICKE, C., “L´Agenda pour la paix de Boutros Boutros-Ghali: analyse et premières réactions”, Annuaire Français de Droit International, 1992, vol. 38, pp. 11-31; THIERRY, H., “L´Agenda pour la paix” et la Charte des Nations Unies”, in, AA.VV., Le développement du rôle du Conseil de Sécurité, Colloque Académie de Droit International de La Haye, 1992, Ed. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1993, pp. 375-384; TORRES BERNÁNDEZ, S., “Perspectivas en la contribución de las Naciones Unidas al mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad internacionales: comentarios y observaciones sobre la Declaración de los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad de 31.01.1992”, in, PÉREZ GONZÁLEZ, M. (Coord.), Hacia un nuevo orden internacional y europeo:…op cit., pp. 727-769; VILLANI, U., “Il ruolo delle Organizzazioni regionali per il mantenimento della pace nel sistema dell´ONU”, La Comunità Internazionale, 1998, vol. LIII, n.º 3, pp. 428-460, on pp. 438-442. 38 See UN Doc. A/RES/49/57, Declaration on the improvement of cooperation among the United Nations and regional organizations regarding international peacekeeping and security, of 02.17.1995, available at http://www.un.org/es/ga/72/resolutions.shtml; UN Doc. A/55/305 – S/2000/809. Thorough examination of the issue of peacekeeping operations in all its aspects, of 08.17.2000 (Brahimi Report, available at http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/55/a55305.pdf. Revista del Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos n.º 12 - Año: 2018 - Págs.: 239 a 272
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