Eisa Younes Framing and analyzing ISIS through classical management… 281 instill fear in the population, and also against symbols of the Western “hedonistic” lifestyle, together with symbols of authority. The Barcelona attack showed a propensi-ty of the terrorists for indiscriminate killings. Alarmingly, jihadists have demonstrated their capability to remain largely undetected, and to radicalize without suspicion in the garb of religious norms in many instances. As ISIS is becoming weaker due to concerted global and regional drives, it is spurring its members to carry out Lone Actor (or Lone Wolf as it is usually referred to) attacks. This instruction tends to require them to focus on their countries of or-igin upon return, generally in Europe and the Middle East region. The propaganda outlets including social media are used to exhort the individuals, also specifying the means of attacks on civilian targets. The authorities are thus faced with a radically altered challenge in setting up counterterrorism initiatives. The planning and sup-port from those outside Europe, as coordinated recently by the lone operators inside the continent is an additional concern. This feature gives the lone operators better execution and planning skills than the conventional model. Those who are especially vulnerable to turning to violence in their own countries are those who have returned from war-torn Syria and have the mandate of causing havoc through individual acts in Europe. These radically inspired individuals who espouse the principles of ISIS have been responsible for the recent rise in UK of such lone actor attacks. For Spain, the phenomenon can be related to in the case of a Danish citizen who was earlier exposed to the warzone between 2012 and 2015. He was arrested on his return from Denmark as a result of a successful surveillance operation. Keeping the costs of ter-rorism high and having legislative pressure brought to bear on the lone actors will mitigate the bane. Some European countries like Austria have reported an increase even in females attempting to travel to the Syrian warzone. Many of these females married foreign terrorist fighters after coming into contact with them through social media. Origins of ISIS Reasons of emergence General Jack Keane, a retired four-star general and one of those who master-minded the USA war surge in 2009, explained the rise of ISIS by linking it to a strategic blunder committed by the US administration4. He recounts how in 2009, with Al-Qaida practically defeated, President Obama made the mistake of pulling troops out, leaving dangerous men like former allies Maliki to their devices. In July 2010, ISIS was taken over by Abu Bakr Baghdadi, which set the stage for the wider conflict. This was after the death of Abu Omar al-Baghdadi, when Abu Bakr was voted by nine of the eleven Shuraa members to become the head of Al-Qaida 4 Hall, B. “Inside ISIS - The Brutal Rise of a Terrorist Army”.New York: Center Street. 2015. Revista del Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos n.º 13 - Año: 2019 - Págs.: 275 a 306
Revista_IEEE_13
To see the actual publication please follow the link above