579 Antonio Juan Briones Peñalver The economics of security and defence. Transfer of knowledge and innovation related to the defence industry and which cover the spectrum of technologies that are of interest to defence: armament, ISTAR (intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance), platforms, personal protection, protection of platforms and facilities, ICTs and simulation. What is more, this foresight activity seeks to identify threats and determine which technologies could be implemented to respond to them. Business-to-business cooperation and coordination with the civil sector facilitated by the Ministry of Defence will allow for the optimisation of available resources, thereby fostering technological advances and exploiting synergies. This forward-looking vision defines military technological capabilities and solutions arising from defence R&T and innovation linked to the challenges of tomorrow. The international cooperation programmes implemented by various industrial sectors are mirrored in the European Defence Agency (EDA), which enhances the international competitiveness of economic agents operating within a European Defence Equipment Market. A European security and defence consensus therefore exists and is put into practice by means of inter-company cooperation and strategic alliances in order to ensure military capabilities within the defence sector in the European Union and its member states. 8. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY FROM DEFENCE R&D ACTIVITIES TO CIVIL APPLICATIONS The national defence sector, in its role as an agent of R&D&I, has launched many different initiatives within an aerial, naval or ground context that have led to an Integrated International Security Area (hereafter IISA) that elicits technology transfer from defence R&D activities to civil applications. Spanish firms now participate in activities or studies relating to the integration of security systems, given the characteristics of technological innovation processes, by means of participation in international consortia or in the different European Commission framework programmes. In Spain, the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is responsible for the specific tasks of regulation and implementation in the field of aviation safety. Given the complexity and the breadth of the areas affected by the IISA’s alignment today, for example, and for airborne platforms, the issue of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (hereafter, UAS) operating in non-segregated airspaces as integrated security systems has not yet been addressed. There are many initiatives that have been carried out, or that are currently in the development stage, within military and civilian organisations together with private sector collaboration; nevertheless, until the present day, these have not succeeded in making safe operation of UAS possible inside airspace shared with conventional aviation. The absence of a pilot of crew on board these aircraft makes them key elements of a successful IISA where missions are carried out from airports to conflict zones with the risk to staff at a bare minimum. In this way, and as
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