479 José A Fernández Alfaro Successes and failures of the implementation of ... providing funds, or whether the economic support will get lost in the governmental structure. 6.6 The threat from armed groups When designing the ANSF, it was necessary to bear in mind the threats that they may have to deal with at any future moment. Across the whole of Afghanistan, there have always been numerous war lords and military leaders with private armies with greater total volumes than the ANA. Up until now, most of them have seemed to support president Karzai,41 particularly if they also held a government post. But let us not forget that due to their sheer number of personnel, as well as the weapons they have available to them, they should still be considered a latent threat, capable of influencing, destabilising or quashing the ANSF. The international community has always tried to implement the complex process of “Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration” (DDR) in all of the illegal armed groups in the country. It should be remembered that DDR allows for the development of a more stable and effective reform of the security sector. During the International Donors Conference in Geneva (2002), Japan emerged as the lead country for the implementation of DDR in Afghanistan. Four DDR programmes have been implemented in Afghanistan: the first began in 2003 and was applied initially to existing military forces, the Anti-Taliban Alliance that helped the Coalition overthrow the Taliban in 2001. In 2005, various programmes were started: the “Disbandment of Illegal Armed Groups” (DIAG), followed by the Tahkim-e Sohl programme (Strengthening Peace, started 2005, now completed) and the still active “Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Programme” (APRP). In March 2006, it was estimated that there were between 1,800 and 2,000 illegal armed groups, composed of around 150,000 individuals. By the end of 2010, 759 illegal armed groups had been dissolved and 54,138 illegal weapons confiscated.42 Despite this, the effective disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration of illegally armed personnel has not been achieved. There are many reasons for this, but 41 In February 2007, an amnesty for many of those accused of crimes against human rights was signed. 42 Jane´s World Armies. Afghanistan. Updated 20 June 2014 Consulted July 2014 under https:// janes.ihs.com/CustomPages/Janes/DisplayPage.aspx?DocType=Reference&ItemId=+++1319169.
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