253 Miguel A. Acosta Sánchez Regarding the scope of competence of peacekeeping... As per Article 43.1 TEU, “The tasks referred to in Article 42(1), in the course of which the Union may use civilian and military means, shall include joint disarmament operations, humanita-rian and rescue tasks, military advice and assistance tasks, conflict prevention and peace-keeping tasks, tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peace-making and post-conflict stabilization. All these tasks may contribute to the fight against terrorism, including by supporting third countries in combating terrorism in their territories.” With regard to the statement in Article 43.1 TEU, a series of reflections may be drawn. First, the operations are not limited to those of a military nature, as reference is made to civilian and military means. This signifies the recognition of Petersberg actions of a civilian nature aimed at acting within the area of international peace-keeping and security, in accordance, as well, with international practice. Secondly, it specifically mentions joint disarmament operations, which means resorting to civilian as well as military means. Finally, and in third place, the contents imply the possibility of carrying out the rest of the enumerated operations by means of civilian, military or civil-military actions. In the end, we are presented with a recognition of the civilian crisis management operations as real Petersberg Operations, parallel to the traditional or classic actions of military nature. Nonetheless, a fact open to criticism is that the different catego-ries of civilian missions44 were not listed. This may be due to allowing for the possi-bility of gradually increasing these categories as international practice demands, as has happened to date within the EU. In our opinion, the Petersberg Operations could presently be defined as “the set of operative actions that the EU carries out within the CSPD for the prevention of con-flicts and for crisis management, which involve the deployment to the territory of a third State, with its previous consent, of military as well as civilian contingents, with supplies from member States, and previously identified”45. In seeking to identify the range of Petersberg Operations mentioned in the TEU, the following may be cited46: 44 As civilian missions would be for a democratic State: police operations; reform of the security sector; border control; observation missions; and of support to the Special Representatives. 45 ACOSTA SÁNCHEZ, M.A., The EU´s Military Crisis Management Operations...op. cit., p. 67. Also see, ACOSTA SÁNCHEZ, M.A., “Las operaciones Petersberg de la UE y el Tratado de Lisboa”, Revista de Estudios Europeos, 2009, n.º 51, pp. 9-43. 46 CORIO, M., “Aspectos militares de la gestión de crisis en el marco de la PESD”, Revista de Estudios Políticos, 2003, n.º 119, pp. 351-380, on p. 372; INTERNATIONAL CRISIS GROUP (ICG), “EU Crisis Response Capability: Institutions and Processes for Conflict Prevention Management”, Report n.º 2, Brussels, 26 june 2001, pp. 2-5; ORTEGA, M., “L´intervention militaire et l´UE”, IESUEO, Cahier de Chaillot, n.º 45, mars 2001, pp. 105-108 ; PECLOW, V., “UE: l´humanitaire prépare-t-il le militaire?”, in, ADAM, B., BIQUET, J.-M., CORTEN, O., Militaires-humanitaires. À chacun son rôle, GRIP, Bruxelles, 2002, p. 85; ROSCINI, M., Revista del Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos n.º 12 - Año: 2018 - Págs.: 239 a 272
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