255 Miguel A. Acosta Sánchez Regarding the scope of competence of peacekeeping... this type of humanitarian operation was the EU military operation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Artemis). -Rescue operations. The term for this type of operations refers, in general, to those operations whose intent is to save citizens who are in imminent danger due to a situa-tion of crisis and are located in a third State49. Regarding its legal regulation50, the rescue of nationals in a third State would not infringe on the territorial integrity or political independence of the State, as we would not be dealing with a humanitarian intervention. In our opinion, this type of opera-tions is much more limited as there is no aggression. In any case, we would agree that this type of operations could be legitimized through the concept of protection of Hu-man Rights, and as long as it tended to protect the life or health of its nationals51. We find numerous examples of this in recent decades, such as the rescue of British citizens de Sécurité, cit, pp. 157-167 ; DOMESTICI-MET, M.J., (dir.), Aide humanitaire Internationale: un consensus conflictual?, Ed. Economica, Paris, 1996, pp. 89-94; ELIASSON, J., “Humanitarian Action and Peacekeeping”, in, OTUNNU, O., DOYLE, M.(ed.), Peacemaking and Peacekeeping for the New Century, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, New York, 1998, pp. 203-230; ESCUDERO ESPINOSA, J.F., Cuestiones en torno a la intervención humanitaria y el Derecho Internacional actual, Universidad de León, León, 2002, pp. 29-37; LATTANZI, F., Assistenza umanitaria e intervento di umanità, Giappichelli, Torino 1997, pp. 59-75; LEURDIJK, D.A., “Background Paper: United Nations Protection force (UNPROFOR)”, in, AZIMI, N. (ed.), Humanitarian action and Peacekeeping Operations, Kluwer, London/The Hague/Boston, 1997, pp. 69-83; TORRELLI, M., “Les zones de sécurité”, Revue Générale de Droit Iinternational Public, 1995/4, p. 812; WHITMAN, J., “A cautionary note on humanitarian intervention”, Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, September 1995, n° 1, available at www.jha.ac. 49 In case of natural disasters or terrorist attacks, the mechanism of civil protection in the area of crisis civilian management will go into effect, involving rescue operations (Article 196 TFEU). This action of civilian crisis management cannot be considered as a Petersberg Operation type and it intervenes in situations such as floods, earthquakes, fires or man-made disasters (those provoked by human activities and resulting from, for example, technological risks or terrorist threats) like the one caused by the Prestige. Regarding this issue, see TORRES CAZORLA, M.I., “¿Lecciones aprendidas? El papel de la Unión Europea en materia de prevención y coordinación en caso de catástrofe”, in, GARCÍA SAN JOSÉ, D., SÁNCHEZ PATRÓN, J.M., TORRES CAZORLA, M.I. (Coords.), Bioderecho, Seguridad y Medioambiente, Ed. Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia, 2015, pp. 151-173. Also in the same collective work, BAUTISTA HERNÁEZ, A., “Recientes avances en la regulación de la Unión Europea en materia de catástrofes: el Mecanismo de Protección Civil de la Unión”, pp. 174-194. 50 BETTATI, M., “Un droit d´ingérence?”, Revue Générale de Droit Internacional Public, 1991/3, pp. 648-651; JORGENSEN, K. (ed.), European Approaches to Crises Management, Kluwer, the Hague/ London/Boston, 1997, pp. 142-143; REMIRO BROTONS, A. et al. «Derecho...» op. cit., pp. 929-930; RONZITTI, N., Rescuing Nationals Abroad Through Military Coercion and Intervention on Grounds of Humanity, Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, 1985. 51 See SCHWEISFURTH, T., “Operation to Rescue Nationals in Third States Involving the Use of Force in Relation to Protection of Human Rights”, German Yearbook of International Law, 1980, vol. 23, pp. 159- 180. Also La protection des droits de l´homme et le principe de non-intervention dans les affaires intérieures des États, in, AA.VV, Annuaire de l´Institut de Droit International, Résolutions 1957-1991, Pedone, Paris, 1992, pp. 205-213. See Article 15 of Organic Law 5/2005 of National Defense, BOE, n.º 276, of 11.18.2005. Revista del Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos n.º 12 - Año: 2018 - Págs.: 239 a 272
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