http://revista.ieee.es/index.php/ieee 372 Journal of the Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies Núm. 10 / 2017 This last definition includes “threat” and “risk”, when the latter is perceived as “danger”. When a causal agent of danger - animate or inanimate – brings about its materialisation, it becomes a “threat” that crystallises into “harm”. There are currently threats to Security that were not foreseeable when the United Nations (hereafter UN)15 was constituted in 1945, which contemplated six groups of threats that were of concern to the world at that time and in the decades to come: - War between States; - Violence within the State, including civil war, large-scale abuse of human rights and genocide; - Poverty, infectious diseases and the degradation of the environment; - Nuclear, radiological, chemical and biological weapons; - Terrorism; - Organised transnational crime; “Protection against all danger necessarily implies protection against all threats, which in turn will inevitably always constitute danger. On the other hand, Security is preventive in nature (...) while Defence is the way to oppose a danger or a threat; Security is much more demanding and more difficult to achieve; it is more preventive and more utopian in in that it tries to stave off all risk, danger or threat to the persons and goods that are the object of that Security. In the field of international relations, the goal of Security is a stable world”.16 In September 2015, representatives from 193 countries adopted a historic commitment with the approval of 17 Sustainable Development Goals17 which for the first time were agreed upon after more than 3 years of negotiations, with the participation of all UN member countries, non-governmental organisations (NGOs hereafter) and other actors. Goal 16 set out to promote peaceful societies and access to justice for all. Common threats make it possible for countries to unite with each other and address such issues together, through international, multilateral or regional organisations. The historical precedent of Collective Security is to be found in art. 11 of the Covenant of the League of Nations of 1919, which stated that any war or threat of war, whether immediately affecting any of the Members of the League or not, implied the need for action to safeguard the peace of nations: “to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international 15 UNITED NATIONS. A more secure world. High-level Group Report on threats, challenges and change. Summary. Ed. United Nations, 2004. Consulted on April 12, 2011 on http://www.un.org/es/ events/pastevents/a_more_secure_world/pdf/brochure_sp.pdf. 16 BALLESTEROS MARTÍN, Miguel Ángel et al. “Las Estrategias de la Seguridad y la Defensa” in Baselines of Strategy for the 21st Century, CESEDEN monographs, no. 67. Prologue Fernando Armada Vadillo; Ed. Ministry of Defence, General Technical Secretariat. Madrid, 2004, pp. 17 and 18. ISBN 84-9781-087-2. 17 UNITED NATIONS. Sustainable Development Goals 2016–2030 https://www.sostenibilidadedp. es/pages/index/objetivos-de-desarrollo-sostenible-2016-2030 Consulted on November 7, 2015.
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