317 Carlos Martí Sempere An evolutionary view of defence The process of procuring these capabilities accounts for a major part of the resources allocated to defence. Thus, for example, in 2013 the USA invested $69,400 million in R&D, according to the Department of Defence. This figure corresponds to 9,95% of its budget and represents half of public expenditure in R&D according to Eurostat data, as can be seen in figure III. Let us now take a closer look at the three key elements of evolutionary economics within the framework of obtaining military capabilities: the generation of variety, the selection process and the replication or dissemination of a capability. Figure III. Percentage of outlays of defence R&D (2013). Source: Eurostat. 4.1 The generation of variety Generating variety is a deliberate process rising from the shortfalls and poor efficiency of the current military capability, which encourages experimentation with new ways of carrying out operations. For example, the need to communicate rapidly and reliably gave rise to the use of flags, standards and messengers. But their limited range or slow transmission led to their replacement with optical telegraphs at the end of the eighteenth century. The impact of meteorology on the performance of http://revista.ieee.es/index.php/ieee
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