Alberto Gallego Gordon The structural causes of instability and conflict... 341 the country. The peace treaties with the MNLA, in June 201315, led to presidential elections that in turn have brought relative stability to the country, with the crucial support of the international community, for example the African-led International Support Mission to Mali (AFISMA16) backed by the UN, replaced by the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA)17 in July 2013; operation Barkhane18, successor to operation Serval since August 2014; operation EUTM Mali19, since the middle of 2014, and the EUCAP Sahel Mali mis-sion, both within the framework of the Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union (CSDP). The threat of Boko Haram Nigeria and the Lake Chad borderlands Another of the main threats in the region is the presence of the Boko Haram group (BH) which originated in the state of Borno, in the northeast of Nigeria. Boko20 Ha-ram21, whose name derives from the original meaning in Hausa and Arabic, is of-ten— albeit somewhat inaccurately—translated as “Western education is forbidden” or “Western education is a sin”. The violence exercised by this group has turned it into one of the cruellest in recent history, with over 20,000 murders and more than 2 million displaced persons and refugees. However, allegations of abuse by government forces have also been nume-rous22. The news that made international headlines was the spectacular kidnapping 15 “Acuerdos de paz entre el gobierno de Mali y los rebeldes tuareg”. On http://www.bbc.com/news/ world-africa-22961519. Date of reading 18/03/18. 16 AFISMA. African-led International Support Mission to Mali; Available on http://www.un.org/ press/en/2012/sc10870.doc.htm. Date of reference 24/03/18. 17 “MINUSMA. Misión integrada multidimensional para la estabilización de Mali de la ONU”. UNSC Resolution 2100 (S/RES/2100). On https://minusma.unmissions.org/en. Date of reference 18/03/18. 18 “Operación Barkhane”. On http://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/operations/sahel/dossier-de-presentation- de-l-operation-barkhane/operation-barkhane. Date of reference 18/03/18. 19 “EUTM Mali”. On http://eutmmali.eu/en/. Date of reference 18/03/18. 20 Boko, in Hausa means “impostor, fraud, deception and lack of authenticity”. Paul Newman. The Etymology of Hausa boko. On http://www.megatchad.net/publications/Newman-2013-Etymology-of- Hausa-boko.pdf. Date of reference 19/03/18. 21 Haram in Hausa means “what is illegal, unjust”, as opposed to halal, “what is permitted or legal”. Robinson, Charles H. (Charles Henry), 1861-1925. Dictionary of the Hausa language. On https:// archive.org/details/dictionaryofhaus01robiuoft. Date of reference 19/03/18. 22 “Región del lago Chad: La intensificación de la campaña de Boko Haram provoca un fuerte aumento de las muertes de civiles”. Amnesty International. (2017, September 5) On https://www. amnesty.org/es/latest/news/2017/09/lake-chad-region-boko-harams-renewed-campaign-sparks-sharp- rise-in-civilian-deaths/. Date of reference 19/03/18. Revista del Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos n.º 12 - Año: 2018 - Págs.: 325 a 366
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