233 Miguel Ángel Franco García From national defence directive to national maritime security strategy: trend towards the integration of civil and military capabilities in the maritime field The tool used to define and implement strategic goals is strategic planning which, according to Arteaga and Fojón, provides a logical framework for state action in relation to the use of the resources at the disposal of a state or a coalition of states. Policy sets the goals of a strategy and assigns the necessary resources, but a planning process is needed to assess the defence problem, set strategic goals and implement strategy4. According to Escrigas and De Miguel, security policy is the tool that ensures the identity and survival of national security interests, while defence policy determines national defence goals and the resources and activities needed to achieve these. Military policy is an essential component of defence policy and determines the organisation, preparation and modernisation of military capability5. Methodological calculation and appropriate planning must be used to address spe-cific security or defence problems. If we fail to take the course of action indicated in the plan, we will be working with prediction, not forecasts, which is precisely what should guide strategy. In the military field, capability is the result of combining the resources needed to efficiently address a specific aspect of a strategic or tactical challenge. Planning is used to achieve certain military goals, and capability provides reasonable assurance that these will be achieved6. Each moment in time brings its own disputes and security problems, and although it might seem contradictory, change is a constant throughout history. Constant change and the need to adapt to new challenges are evident in all national security strategies. The 1990s marked the end of the East-West confrontation and ushered in a climate of understanding that resulted in the signing of conventions and agreements on arms control, disarmament, conflict prevention and crisis management. However, hopes for a peaceful world were dashed by the instability brought about by ethnic, religious militar, Madrid, Secretaría General Técnica del Ministerio de Defensa, 1989, p. 323. ROJO, Vicente: Elementos del arte de la guerra, Madrid, Secretaría General Técnica del Ministerio de Defensa, 1988, pp. 26-28. 4 ARTEAGA MARTÍN, Félix y FOJÓN LAGOA, Enrique: El planeamiento de la política de defensa y seguridad en España, Madrid, Instituto Universitario General Gutiérrez Mellado, 2007, p. 19. BEAUFRE, André: Introducción a la estrategia, colección Ediciones Ejército, Madrid, Servicio de Publicaciones del EME, 1980, p. 40. YARGER, Richard: Strategic theory for the 21st century: the little book on big strategy, Carlisle, (Pennsylvania), Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2006, p. 5. BUZAN, Barry: Introducción a los estudios estratégicos: tecnología militar y relaciones internacionales, Madrid, colección Ediciones Ejército, Servicio de Publicaciones del EME, 1991, p. 21. 5 ESCRIGAS RODRÍGUEZ, Juan y DE MIGUEL SEBASTIÁN, Jesús: Modelo español de seguridad y defensa, Documentos de seguridad y defensa, no. 8, Madrid, Secretaría General Técnica del Ministerio de Defensa, 2007, pp. 53 and 54. 6 MARTÍNEZ NUÑEZ, Juan Francisco: “Capacidades clave en la seguridad marítima”, in Impacto de los riesgos emergentes en la seguridad marítima, Cuadernos de estrategia, IEEE, Madrid, Secretaría General Técnica del Ministerio de Defensa, 2008, p. 150.
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