240 Journal of the Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies N. 3 / 2014 State; however, its role has become less exclusive because of the increased international recognition of human rights and the different aspects of globalisation, which Frost defines as a more interconnected world system, in which interdependent networks and flows surmount traditional boundaries (or make them irrelevant)33. In the early 1990s, it began to be felt that both the effect of globalisation on risks and threats and the development of new technologies that enable the use of precision-guided munition launched from great distances meant that defence could no longer be confined to the immediate territorial area34. At the time, security focused on protecting people, catering to their physical safety and well-being in the economic and social spheres, as well as their dignity. Since then, however, the focus has shifted to the concept of human security, an idea that has received much criticism for being vague and amphibological35. 2003, pp. 31 and 32. BARBÉ IZUEL, María Esther y PERNI, Orietta: “Más allá de la Seguridad nacional”, in Introducción a los estudios de seguridad y defensa, Granada, Comares, 2001, pp. 3-32. 33 FROST, Ellen: “Globalization and national Security: a strategic agenda”, in The global century: globalization and national Security, Washington, DC, National Defense University, 2000, p. 37. SCHOLTE, Jan Aart: “Globalization: a critical introduction”, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 2000, p. 42. BOOTH, Ken: “Conclusion: security within global transformation?”, in Statecraft and Security: the cold war and beyond, Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 345. AVILÉS FARRÉ, Juan: “Por un concepto amplio de seguridad”, in Revisión de la Defensa nacional, Monografías del CESEDEN, Madrid, Secretaría General Técnica del Ministerio de Defensa, 2002, p. 20. SALAS LARRAZÁBAL, Ramón: Seguridad, paz y defensa, Madrid, Secretaría General Técnica del Ministerio de Defensa, 1995, pp. 24 and 25. BUZAN, Barry: People, states & fear…op. cit., p. 20. 34 Política de Defensa y Seguridad…op. cit., p. 31. 35 New Dimensions of Human Security, Chapter 2 of the Human Development Report 1994, 16 March 1994, by the United Nations Development Programme, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 25-46, http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_1994_es_cap2.pdf. McCORMAC, Tara: “Power and agency in the human security framework”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, no. 1, 2008, pp. 114- 126. OWEN, Taylor: “Human security-Conflict, critique and consensus: colloquium remarks and a proposal for a threshold-based definition”, Security Dialogue, no. 3, 2004, pp. 373-387. MARTIN, Mary and OWEN, Taylor: “The second generation of human security: lessons from the UN and EU experience”, International Affairs, Vol. 86, 2010, pp. 211-224. FLOYD, Rita: “Human security and the Copenhagen School’s securitization approach: conceptualizing human security as a securitizing move”, Human Security Journal, Vol. 5, 2007, pp. 38-46. McDONALD, Matt: “Human security and the construction of security”, Global Society, no. 3, 2002, pp. 280-283. BOER, Leen and KOEKKOEK, Ad: “Development and human security”, Third World Quarterly, no. 2, 1994, pp. 519-522. MUTIMER, David: “Beyond strategy: critical thinking and the new security studies”, in Contemporary security and strategy, London, Macmillan, 1999, p. 83. BETTS, Alexander and EAGLETON-PIERCE, Matthew: “Editorial introduction: human security”, St. Antony’s International Review, no. 2, 2005, p. 7. BALDWIN, David: “The concept of security”, Review of International Studies, no. 23, 1997, p. 13. DUFFIELD, Mark and WADDELL, Nicholas: Human security and global danger: exploring a governmental assemblage, University of Lancaster. Department of Politics and International Relations, 2004, pp. 21-23.
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