revista de aeronáutica y astronáutica / noviembre 2021
946 el Ártico como región geoestratégica
nal Affairs at Harvard University (1986) 174
p. (The term High North is a fairly recent addition
to the vocabulary of systematic academic
discourse. It was introduced as the
English synonym for the Norwegian term
nordområdene in the mid 1980s, but not
adopted as the official Norwegian authorities
until the beginning of the 21st century).
3Gautier, Donald, et al. «Assessment of Undiscovered
Oil and Gas in the Arctic», Science
324 (2009) 1175.
4The Arctic Council: A backgrounder, https://
arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about-us.
5NATO, Strategic Concept 2010 (Paragraph
15).
5NATO Defense College SC-135 & NRCC-
22 inauguration lecture by the NATO International
Military Staff Director General
LtGen (DEU) Hans-Werner Wiermann. (5
september 2019).
7NATO Leaders Meeting in London 2019:
«We have declared space as the fifth operational
domain for NATO, alongside land, air,
sea, and cyber.»
8US National Defence Strategy 2018: «We
are facing increased global disorder, characterized
by decline in the long-standing
rules-based international order».
9John Road, US Undersecretary of Defense
for Policy (2019 Nordic-Baltic-US Forum).
10Stavridis, James (US Adm. 16th SACEUR)
«Why NATO is Essential For World Peace,
According to its Former Commander».
TIME (4 april 2019).
11China White Paper (1st Edition, 26
january 2018): «Geographically, China is
a Near-Arctic State, one of the continental
states closest to the Arctic Circle. The
natural conditions of the Arctic and their
changes have a direct impact on China’s
climate system and ecological environment,
and, in turn, on its economic interests
in agriculture, forestry, fishery,
marine industry and other sectors».
122017 Canada Arctic foreign Policy:
«… Canada does not anticipate any
military challenges in the Arctic and believes
that the region is well managed
through existing institutions, particularly
the Arctic Council».
13Foggo, James G. (US Adm. JFC Naples)
«Russia, China Offer Challenges in the
Arctic». (Defence One, 10 july 2019).
14Ilulissat Declaration (Greenland 27-29
may 2008).
15NATO, Brussels Summit Declaration
Issued by the Heads os State and Government
Participating in the Meeting of the
North Atlantic Council in Brussels 11-12
July 2018 (Paragraph 1).
16Dyandal, Gjert. How the High North
became central in NATO Strategy: revelations
from NATO archives. The Journal
of Strategic Studies, Vol 34 No.4 (2011).
17Buchanan, Elizabeth. Returning to the
GIUK gap. NDC «Vox Collegii» Magazine.
Vol XIX july 2019. P.7.
18Nordic Defence Cooperation ministerial
meeting in Oslo on the 13th of
november 2018: «We will improve our
defence capability and cooperation in
peace, crisis and conflict. We ensure a
close Nordic political and military dialogue
on security and defence. Acknowledging
our different security affiliations, we
pursue an agenda based on joint security
perspectives, efficient and cost-effective
cooperation to strengthen our national
defences and the ability to act together».
19Dr. Karl-Heinz Kamp (NDC, 16 september
2019) lecture NATO in the post-Cold
Order: Challenges and Implications.
20NATO, Warsaw Summit Declaration Issued
by the Heads of State and Government
Participating in the Meeting of the
North Atlantic Council in Warsaw 8-9 July
2016 (Paragraph 5).
21Carnegie Europe: «NATO’s Reaction to
Its Two Threats» (4 september 2014).
22«La OTAN cumple 70 años y se reinventa
para sobrevivir al siglo XXI» NATO
turns 70 and reinvents itseft to survive the
21st Century. El País Semanal, 30 september
2019 (https://elpais.com).
23Jens Stoltenberg (secretario general
de la OTAN) en el discurso ante las dos
Cámaras del Capitolio. La víspera de la
celebración de la reunión ministerial con
motivo del 70º aniversario de la firma del
Tratado de la Alianza.
Vista del Ártico. (Imagen: www.pxhere.com)