91
8. Un ataque de denegación de servicio
distribuido (DDoS) es un intento
malintencionado de interrumpir el
tráfico normal de un servidor, servicio
o red determinada sobrecargando
el objetivo o su infraestructura
asociada con una avalancha
de tráfico de internet.
9. Paquet, Catherine (2013). «Network
security concepts and policies».
10. Joubert, Vincent (2012). «Five
years after Estonia’s cyber-attacks:
lessons learned for NATO?»,
Research Paper, 76, NATO Defense
College.
11. Hughes, Rex B. (2009). «NATO
and cyber defence. What steps
have been taken by NATO against
the threat of cyber attacks? What
needs to be done to prevent them in
the future?». https://csl.armywarcollege.
edu/SLET/mccd/CyberSpacePubs/
NATO%20and%20
Cyber%20Defence%20-%20Mission%
20Accomplished.pdf
12. El programa Ciencia para la Paz y la
Seguridad (SPS) promueve el diálogo
y la cooperación práctica entre
los Estados miembros de la OTAN y
los países socios sobre la base de
la investigación científica, la innovación
tecnológica y el intercambio
de conocimientos, ofreciendo financiación,
asesoramiento experto
y apoyo a actividades relevantes
para la seguridad civil que responden
a los objetivos estratégicos de
la OTAN. https://www.nato.int/cps/
en/natolive/78209.htm
13. Brown, Gary (2011). «Why Iran
didn’t admit Stuxnet was an attack
», JFQ, issue 63, 4th quarter
2011. https://ssrn.com/abstract=
2485181
14. Entrevista a Jamie Shea, deputy
assistant secretary general for
Emerging Security Challenge,
20 de septiembre de 2010.
15. «FSI | CISAC - Stuxnet: The world’s
first cyber weapon». https://cisac.
fsi.stanford.edu/news/stuxnet
16. Landler, Mark y Markoff, John
(2007). «Digital fears emerge after
data siege in Estonia».
17. Active engagement, modern defence.
Strategic concept for the
defence and security of the members
of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (19-20 de noviembre
de 2010). https://www.nato.
int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/
pdf_publications/20120214_strategic
concept-2010-eng.pdf
18. OTAN (2011). «Defending the networks.
The NATO Policy on Cyber
Defence». https://www.nato.
int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf
2011_08/20110819_110819-policy
cyberdefence.pdf
19. OTAN (20 de mayo de 2012). «Chicago
Summit declaration issued
by the heads of State and Government
participating in the meeting
of the North Atlantic Council
in Chicago on 20 May 2012». https://
www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/
official_texts_87593.htm?selectedLocale=
en
20. The Register (15 de junio de 2021).
«NATO summit communiqué compares
repeat cyberattacks to armed
attacks – and stops short
of saying “one-in, all-in” rule will
always apply». https://www.theregister.
com/2021/06/15/nato_final_
communique_cyber_policy/
21. OTAN (14 de junio de 2021). «Strengthened
resilience commitment».
https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/
official_texts_185340.htm
22. OTAN (6 de enero de 2022). «Deterrence
and defence». https://
www.nato.int/cps/fr/natohq/topics_
133127.htm?selectedLocale=
en
23. OTAN (14 de junio de 2021).
«NATO. Brussels Summit communiqué
issued by the Heads of State
and Government participating
in the meeting of the North Atlantic
Council in Brussels 14 June 2021».
https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/
news_185000.htm?selected-
Locale=en
24. OTAN (17 de noviembre de 2021).
«NATO’s Deputy Secretary General:
allies are committed to a free,
open, peaceful and secure cyberspace
». https://www.nato.int/cps/
en/natohq/news_188664.htm
25. Mattis, J. N. y Hoffman, F. G.
(2005). «Future warfare: the rise
of hybrid wars», Proceedings, vol.
131, n.º 11, 2005, pp. 18-19.
26. Stoltenberg, J. (23 de mayo de
2019). «Remarks. Cyber Defence
Pledge Conference», Londres.■